मोग्गलिपुत्तिसा एक बौद्ध भिक्षु और विद्वान थे जो पाटलिपुत्र, मगध में पैदा हुए थे और तीसरी शताब्दी ईसा पूर्व में रहते थे।

वह बौद्ध भिक्षु तीसरे बौद्ध परिषद, सम्राट अशोक और उनके शासनकाल के दौरान हुई बौद्ध मिशनरी गतिविधियों से जुड़ा हुआ है।

 

मोगलीपुत्तथिसा को थेरवाद बौद्ध परंपरा द्वारा "विभज्जवदा" के संस्थापक के रूप में देखा जाता है, जिनमें से थेरवाद परंपरा एक हिस्सा होने के साथ-साथ कथावथु के लेखक भी हैं। उन्हें भ्रष्टाचार के खिलाफ सच्ची शिक्षाओं या धम्म के रक्षक के रूप में देखा जाता है, ऐसे समय में जब कई गलत विचार उत्पन्न हुए थे और अशोक युग के बौद्ध मिशनरी प्रयासों के पीछे बल के रूप में देखा गया था। श्रीलंकाई बौद्ध दार्शनिक डेविड कालूपहाना उन्हें नागार्जुन के पूर्ववर्ती, मध्य पथ के एक चैंपियन और बुद्ध के मूल दार्शनिक आदर्शों के पुनरुत्थानकर्ता के रूप में देखते हैं।



 

विभिन्न बौद्ध स्रोतों के साक्ष्य बताते हैं कि मोगलीपुत्तिसा एक प्रभावशाली व्यक्ति थे जो सम्राट अशोक के समय में रहते थे। वह तीसरी बौद्ध परिषदों और मिशनरी कार्य से जुड़े हैं जिसके कारण अशोक के शासनकाल में बौद्ध धर्म का प्रसार हुआ। [5] वह कुछ बौद्ध सैद्धांतिक विचारों के कट्टर आलोचक भी प्रतीत होते हैं, विशेष रूप से सर्वस्तिवाद (समय का एक शाश्वत सिद्धांत), पुद्गलवादा और लोकोत्वाद। इस वजह से, उन्हें थेरवाद के संस्थापकों और रक्षकों में से एक के रूप में देखा जाता है, जो आज तक इन तीन सिद्धांतों को बुद्ध धम्म की मूल शिक्षा से अपरंपरागत विचलन के रूप में खारिज करता है।


 

थेरवाद के सूत्रों का कहना है कि मोगलीपुत्तिसा की मदद से अशोक कई विधर्मियों के बौद्ध संघ को शुद्ध करने में सक्षम था। थेरवाद स्रोत, विशेष रूप से कथावथु, इन बौद्ध सैद्धांतिक बहसों का भी विवरण देते हैं। भांते सुजातो यह भी नोट करते हैं कि कैसे सर्वस्तिवाद अभिधम्म साहित्य पाठ जिसे विज्ञानकाया कहा जाता है, में "मोगलन खंड" से "सामना मोगलन" नामक एक खंड शामिल है जो "सभी मौजूद है" के सिद्धांत के खिलाफ तर्क देगा।

 

महासंघिकों का एक पाठ, अरिपित्रपरिपच्चा, "मोगलाना" या "मोगल्ला-उपदेश" के नाम से एक आकृति का भी उल्लेख करता है, जो "धर्मगुप्तक स्कूल, सुवर्णका स्कूल और स्तवीरा स्कूल के संस्थापक हैं। सुजातो के अनुसार, यह संभावना है जोहान्स ब्रोंखोर्स्ट के अनुसार, हालांकि, वर्तमान ऐतिहासिक साक्ष्य बताते हैं कि पाटलिपुत्र की तीसरी परिषद में जिन मुख्य मुद्दों पर चर्चा की गई, वे संघ से भिक्षुओं के निष्कासन का कारण बने। , वे वास्तव में सिद्धांत नहीं थे, लेकिन विनय (मठवासी अनुशासन) के मुद्दे थे।


Researching Islamic Architecture and Art's Magnificence A Trip Through Culture and Time

Islamic art and architecture­ are greatly admired. The­y stand out in beauty, deep me­aning, and abundant cultural significance. This style spreads across contine­nts and ages. It includes varied forms, like­ the grand mosques and palaces in the­ Middle East. Plus, it has subtle calligraphy and patterne­d designs in writings and pottery. Now, let's dive­ into the past, themes, and importance­ of Islamic art and architecture. We'll uncove­r the wonders and secre­ts of this amazing cultural treasure.

 

Historical Beginnings and Inspiration: Islamic art and archite­cture sprouted from the e­arly period of Islam, which started in the Arabian Pe­ninsula in the 7th century CE. Islam expande­d quickly across the Middle East, North Africa, and further. It me­t a wealth of cultural creativity from Byzantine, Pe­rsian, and Indian societies. These­ varied influences combine­d to form a unique artistic style showcasing the Muslim world's spiritual, inte­llectual, and aesthetic value­s. Under the support of various caliphates and dynastie­s, Islamic art thrived. Every ruling phase e­tched its memorable impact on the­ art scene. The grande­ur of the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates, the opule­nce of the Ottoman and Mughal empire­s, saw Islamic leaders sponsoring masterful art pie­ces.

 

 

Jain Tradition and Identity in Ever Changing World

For its rich culture, bright customs and endless advocacy of nonviolence and feeling, the Jain community is known all over. As our world moves increasingly towards globalization, the dynamism of the Jain community’s life has changed too; this comes with several possibilities as well as challenges. The article looks at various facets of Jain community and identity woven into a larger social fabric, such as how they are organized socially, their education initiatives and how they have sought to preserve their heritage in an age of globalization.

Understanding Jain Social Organization:At the core of the lives of Jains stand intricate designs for cohesion and collective wellbeing .There are institutions that have come up which serve as a pillar toward individual support among them being local sanghas (communities) regional and international Jain associations. Therefore studying functions and responsibilities related to social organization within Jains can give insights into ways through which Jain identities are formed or sustained

Looking at the Art and Culture of the Kshatriya Religion

The threads of art and culture are twisted very complex in the fabric of human civilization. In Kshatriya religion, artistic expressions and cultural practices are like a Rainbow reflecting mystical key and historical legacy of this ancient tradition. Music beats and dance movements, verses written by poets and paintings made with able brushstrokes form an impressive synthesis between creativity and spirituality in the Kshatriya community. This article takes a journey into various aspects of art including music, dance, literature as well as visual arts that emanate from the religion of Kshatriya to unearth its cultural variety.

Music:Music which is a bridge linking the worldly life and the spiritual world holds the sacred place in Kshatriya tradition. With its roots in ancient Vedic chants and songs, Kshatriya music has a lot of various styles and genres all with spiritual undertones. One of the most well-liked forms of Kshatriya music is mantric devotional singing that consists of syllables with spiritual meaning. These melodies usually along with by musical tools such as harmonium and tabla create incredible exceeding mood, allowing devotees to delve into divine thinking.

Classical Dhrupad represents another significant part of Kshatriyan music, characterized by deep meditative sounds as well as intricate constant patterns. It was sung even in ancient times as it was considered to have been used by warriors before going for war for utilizing bravery within them. Dhrupad is still alive today, thanks to generations after generations of Guru’s who are committed towards its practice and conservation.

Jainism and Moksha The Path to Liberation

JAINISM: PROVIDING THE PATH TO “MOKSHA,” THE SECOND OLDEST RELIGION THAT ORIGINATED FROM INDIA

The concept of Moksha in Jainism is synonymous with the ultimate liberation of the soul from samsara and the attainment of eternal happiness, free from all forms of karmic pollution. This paper examines various facets of Moksha in Jainism such as contemporary expressions of Jain practices, Jain cosmology, art, ecological consciousness, and the relevance of monastic life.

Jain Practices for Attaining Moksha in the Modern World:

  • Ahimsa, non-violence is at the core of ethical considerations for Jains. The principle goes beyond physical violence to cover non-violent speech and thought. These include:
  • Dietary Practices: Several Jains follow a vegetarian or vegan diet, which avoids harm to animals. This practice corresponds with contemporary movements promoting animal rights and ethical eating.
  • Professional Choices: Jains can opt for professions that cause less damage to living beings; a good example is military service or butchery or even some types of business activities that involve dishonesty or violence.

काठमांडू में दक्षिणकाली का मंदिर

दक्षिणकाली मंदिर, दक्षिण काली मंदिर या दक्षिण काली मंदिर भी, काठमांडू के बाहर 22 किलोमीटर (14 मील) और फ़ारपिंग गाँव के बाहर लगभग 1 किलोमीटर (0.6 मील) की दूरी पर स्थित, नेपाल में देवी काली को समर्पित प्रमुख हिंदू मंदिरों में से एक है। दक्षिण काली को आमतौर पर शिव की छाती पर अपने दाहिने पैर के साथ दिखाया जाता है - जबकि शिव की छाती पर अपने बाएं पैर के साथ काली को दिखाते हुए चित्रण और भी अधिक भयावह वामाकाली (आमतौर पर शिव की छाती पर उनके बाएं पैर के साथ दिखाया गया है) को दर्शाते हैं।

Dare Meher, Sacred Fire and Parsi Heritage Guardians

One of the world’s tiniest but most animated religious minorities is the Parsi community, who are devoted to a religion called Zoroastrianism. Originating from Persia (modern-day Iran), Parsis have a rich history and cultural heritage. Among their religious practices is Dare Meher or Fire Temple, a place of worship with significant importance in it. This essay provides an insight into the history, architecture, religious significance, and issues around the preservation of Dare Meher highlighting attempts to uphold this vital part of Parsi heritage.

Historical Background of Zoroastrianism and the Parsi:

Origins and Migration:Zoroastrianism is one of the oldest monotheistic religions on earth founded by the prophet Zoroaster (or Zarathustra) over 3000 years ago in ancient Persia. Before being persecuted during the Islamic conquest in the 7th century, this religion thrived in Persia. Fleeing persecution, some Zoroastrians migrated to India around the eighth century where they were referred to as Parsis which means “Persian”.

Indian Establishment: The Parsi settled primarily in Gujarat and later in Mumbai (then called Bombay) when they arrived in India. Upon their arrival, indigenous rulers offered them refuge on the condition that they adapt themselves to local customs while holding onto their religious practices. They have made substantial contributions to Indian culture, society as well as economy for centuries and at the same time maintained a separate religious identity.

Importance of Dare Meher in Zoroastrian Worship

Role of Fire in Zoroastrianism: For instance, fire represents purity, veracity, and the presence of Ahura Mazda, who is also the most superior power among all other deities. It’s believed that it’s sacred and an indispensable part of all religious rites. The fires are kept perpetually burning in Fire Temples with much reverence being paid to them through prayers and rituals conducted before them.

Different Kinds of Fire Temples:In Zoroastrian worship, there are three grades of fire housed within different types of Fire Temples:

  • Atash Dadgah: this is the simplest form where any Parsi can look after it
  •  Atash Adaran: This takes a Zoroastrian priest for it to be placed at this grade. 
  • Atash Behram: this is the highest rank which requires elaborate rituals maintained by high priests. There are only nine Atash Behrams throughout the world; eight exist in India while one exists still exists in Iran.